Astrochemistry - Interstellar Dust: Catalyst for Complex Organic Chemistry in the Universe

"Astronomers and astrochemists are working to try and understand the origin of chemical complexity. If that chemistry is the same wherever we look in our galaxy, and if we can reproduce it in the laboratory, then that chemistry can seed our galaxy and others with the chemical potential for life."

Martin McCoustra, astrochemist


Icy dust specks could provide an interstellar staging ground for chemical reactions that form complex organic molecules. In the cold interstellar regions of the Universe, gas and dust specks swirl together, sometimes coalescing to form new stars, sometimes expanding as dying stars spew forth new material into the void. Much of the chemistry that happens in interstellar clouds remains a mystery, but recent work by astrochemists from Heriot-Watt University in Edinburgh sheds new light on this dark part of the Universe, demonstrating the key role that icy dust specks can play in facilitating the formation of a type of organic molecule that could be a precursor to the building blocks of life. 

By some estimates molecules make up less than 1 percent of the matter of the Universe, but they can still significantly influence the evolution of stars and planetary systems. Scientists suspect, based on infrared observations, that many of the dust specks within interstellar clouds are covered in a frosty coating of ice. The ice acts as a coolant during star formation, leading to smaller, longer-lived stars such as our own Sun. 

"Small stars give evolution on planets time to work," says Martin McCoustra, an astrochemist who studies interstellar ice grains. "Basically we wouldn't be here if the Universe was clean and dust free." In addition to slowing down star evolution, icy dust specks may also influence interstellar organic chemistry, speeding up chemical reactions or shielding molecules from the full energy of incoming cosmic rays.

It is this chemical catalyst behavior of interstellar dust that McCoustra and his colleagues are currently investigating. Using silica and water ice surfaces, the scientists created models of both bare and icy dust grains in the laboratory, and then bombarded the grains with low-energy electrons to mimic an influx of cosmic rays. 

The researchers were specifically looking for the effect that the rays would have on acetonitrile (CH3CN), a simple organic compound that has been observed in the interstellar medium. They found that for films of bulk CH3CN, the incoming electrons rapidly dislodged the molecules, but for CH3CN molecules isolated on icy surfaces, a chemical reaction took place. 

CH3CN is believed to be a precursor to amino acids, McCoustra says, and the product of the reaction, which the scientists are still working to precisely identify, is probably part of an intermediate step in the process that makes large organic molecules. "The key point is that the water is crucial for this chemistry," McCoustra notes, since the chemical reaction did not take place in bulk CH3CN.

The Scottish research team, part of a large European network studying solid state and surface astrochemistry (LASSIE), is now working with computational chemists to further investigate, from an energy point of view, how water might promote chemistry on icy grains.

Image at top of page shows a cosmic dust cloud a mere 400 light-years away along with the Pleiades or Seven Sisters star cluster, well-known for its striking blue reflection nebulae. This remarkable wide-field (3 degree) image of the region shows the famous star cluster at the right, while highlighting lesser known dusty reflection nebulae nearby, across an area that would span over 20 light-years.

Astronomers using infrared detectors have recently found a dusty disk that really does belong to one young Pleiades star -- HD 23514. Surrounding HD 23514, the disk is estimated to be comparable in size to the terrestrial planet zone in our own solar system and likely represents the debris from the process of rocky planet formation.

Image credit: http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap071122.html

Source: The Daily Galaxy - eurekalert.org